Included coming terms with briand apush quizlet credit was offensive and legalism and he was against american troops from the united states use of the depression. Who wrote the article about Harold tabor getting attacked? Photograph of three men sporting variations on the zoot suit. Moments: The Zoot Suit Riots, doesn't go so far as to definitively state that either side caused the outbreak of violence. [3], The Zoot Suit Riots were related to fears and hostilities aroused by the coverage of the Sleepy Lagoon murder trial, following the killing of a young Latino man in what was then an unincorporated commercial area near Los Angeles. -700 injured According to this document, what caused the Zoot Suit riots? -Black leaders requested federal troops by mid-morning the next day Citing concerns about juvenile delinquency, California Gov. All Rights Reserved. "The question goes deeper than just suits. the zoo suit represented symbolically to the pachucas that they were the "stewards of something uncomfortable", a After several days, more than 150 people had been injured, and the police had arrested more than 500 Mexican American civilians on charges ranging from "rioting" to "vagrancy".[24]. What changes and shifts in American society led to racial tensions in the early 1940s? Jos Gallardo Daz. National Archives, Richard Nixon Library/Wikimedia Commons/Public Domain. As young Mexican-American men from the neighborhood began attacking the ideals of white privilege through a campaign of harassment, intimidation, and resistance a year prior to the riots, the Chavez Ravine area would later be a hot spot for encounters between the zoot suiters and sailors. When were several of the Zoot-Suiters were tried and convicted of murder? It reemerged in the late 1960s with the rise of the Chicano Rights Movement, and as a sort of retro fashion in the early 1990s with the revival of swing music and dance. On the morning of August 2, 1942, 23-year-old Jos Daz was found unconscious and near death on a dirt road near a water reservoir in East Los Angeles. Young men wore zoot suitsa flamboyant long jacket with baggy pegged pants, sometimes accessorized with a pork pie hat, a long watch chain, and thick-soled shoes. Hostility toward minority communities fueled the L.A. They were beaten and stripped of their zoot suits. Cesar Chavez and Malcolm X were both zoot suiters as young men and later became political activists.[18]. The group, except for Coleman, crossed the street to speak to the women. Naval Reserve Armory marched through downtown Los Angeles carrying clubs and other crude weapons, attacking anyone seen wearing a zoot suit or other racially identified clothing. Many zoot-suiters were beaten by servicemen and stripped of their zoot suits on the spot. "The Zoot Suit Riots: Causes, Significance, and Legacy." Within months of the Sleepy Lagoon convictions, Los Angeles erupted in what are commonly referred to as the Zoot Suit Riots. This style of clothing became popular among the African American, Chicano and Italian American communities during the 1940s. Sleepy Lagoon was also a favorite gathering place of the 38th Street Gang, a Latino street gang in nearby East Los Angeles. 4 Mauricio Mazn , The Zoot-Suit Riots: The Psychology of Symbolic Annihilation (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1984) 28. . -That night, mob of 5,000 fought downtown, -June 8, 1943 The Los Angeles City Council issued a ban on zoot suits the following day. The zoot suit consisted of a broad-shouldered drape jacket, balloon-leg trousers, and, sometimes, a flamboyant hat. Both The Los Angeles Times and the Los Angeles Examiner blamed zoot suit-wearers for the riots, though the Examiner went further, writing that zoot suit gangs had overrun the city and were hurting the city's . What two rumors provoked made the conflict even worse? [16], During this time, Los Angeles was undergoing an expansion, which caused disruptions in communal sites, family sites, and family patterns of social interactions due to poor city planning. The zoot suit consisted of a broad-shouldered drape jacket, balloon-leg trousers, and, sometimes, a flamboyant hat. The Zoot Suit Riots of 1943. The next day, as many as 200 uniformed sailors, seeking revenge, took taxis and buses to the Mexican American barrio section of East Los Angeles. In what was later determined to have been a clear denial of due process of law, the defendants were not allowed to sit with or talk to their attorneys in the courtroom. Taxi drivers offered free rides to servicemen to rioting areas, and thousands of military personnel and civilians from San Diego and other parts of Southern California converged on Los Angeles to join the mayhem. Was there something else that could have influenced the riot? -Midnight: U.S. Army troops kept a silent peace, institutions were closed. The officers went to the scene "seeking to clean up Main Street from what they viewed as the loathsome influence of pachuco gangs". What were the Zoot Suit Riots and why did they happen quizlet? The first occurred on May 30, 1943, at around 8:00p.m., four days before the start of the riots. The "Sleepy Lagoon murder" was the name that Los Angeles newspapers used to describe the death of Jos Gallardo Diaz, on the morning of August 2, 1942. Zoot suits, associated with the Mexican race, consisted of a long jacket that reached almost to the knees, pants with a "tight stuff cuff", a "wide, flat hat, and Dutch-toe shoes" (Berger 193). What tensions caused the Zoot Suit Riots? -feared it would provoke the southern wing of his party, Chapter 3: Chemical Reactions and Reaction St, Information Technology Project Management: Providing Measurable Organizational Value, Organizational Behavior: Managing People and Organizations, Jean Phillips, Ricky W. Griffin, Stanley Gully, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Principles of Operations Management: Sustainability and Supply Chain Management. Library of Congress/Corbis/VCG/Getty Images. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. What might you conclude from this about the party's main base and about additional constituencies who may have had some influence, but less power, in the convention? Library of Congress/Wikimedia Commons/Public Domain. On the night of June 7, the violence peaked as thousands of servicemen, now joined by white civilians, roamed downtown Los Angeles, attacking zoot-suited Latinos, as well as people of other minority groups, regardless of how they were dressed. 38th Street. Teenager in a "zoot suit," pictured 1943. [33], The local press lauded the attacks, describing them as having a "cleansing effect" to rid Los Angeles of "miscreants" and "hoodlums". During a ten day period in 1943 a series of conflicts between Anglo military personnel . The verdict of this trial was 17 defendants were pronounced guilty. -A black man raped and murdered a white woman on the bridge. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. -Strong segregation imposed by while population [30] However, the press was dominated by the stories which often claimed that "loose . The sailors spotted a group of young zoot suiters and assaulted them with clubs. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. -Whites thrown a black woman and her baby over the Belle Isle Bridge The Zoot Suit Riots were a series of violent clashes during which mobs of U.S. servicemen, off-duty police officers and civilians brawled with young Latinos and other minorities in Los Angeles . The Zoot Suit Riots are commonly associated with the Sleepy Lagoon murder, which occurred in August 1942. The number of ethnic Mexicans living legally and illegally in California shrank, then swelled drastically as the result of government initiatives related to the Great Depression and World War II. What was the name of the group that Hank lead? Theres a Riot Goin On: Riots in U.S. History (Part Two), https://www.britannica.com/event/Zoot-Suit-Riots, Public Broadcasting Corporation - American Experience - The Zoot Suit Riots of 1943, Zoot Suit Riots - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Zoot Suit Riots - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Military police were dispatched to assist the LAPD in restoring and maintaining order. Zoot Suit Riots and 1943 Detroit Race Riot, Low-Budget Films for Fronterizos & Mexican Mi, U.S. As part of the war effort, by March 1942 the United States had begun rationing various resources. [29] The female parallels were called "pachucas" and wore tight sweaters and relatively full, flared skirts, often paired with high hair-dos, large earrings, and heavy makeup. The zoot suit provided young African American and Mexican youth a sense of individualistic identity within their cultures and society as they discovered highly charged emotional and symbolic meaning through the movement, music, and dress. Far from feeling repatriated, these Mexican American citizens felt they had been exiled from their homeland. [28], Often the suit was paired with accessories such as chains and leather soled-shoes, which were typically worn to exaggerate and prove a point of rebellion standing against the wealth and status that many of these youth were unable to access due to their economic and racial identities. Both riots were caused by tensions created when large numbers of people from a minority group migrated or immigrated to a city during the war. cyberchase quest 2; regions bank subpoena compliance address; la crucecita huatulco weather; vector between two points calculator; weather in orlando in january 2022 Officials began to cast wearing of zoot suits in moral terms and associated it with the commission of petty crime, violence and the snubbing of national wartime rules. [18] In 1943, the committee issued its report; it determined racism to be a central cause of the riots, further stating that it was "an aggravating practice (of the media) to link the phrase zoot suit with the report of a crime". Does La Opinion support the claim that the press was, in fact "decidedly inflammatory". The police and press characterized all Mexican youths as "pachuco hoodlums and baby gangsters". The servicemen were also portrayed in local news publications as heroes fighting against what was referred to as a Mexican crime wave. the verb in parentheses. The zoot suiters refused to let them pass and pushed the sailor into the street. The committee, headed by Los Angeles Bishop Joseph McGucken, concluded that racism had been the root cause of the violence, along with what the committee said was, an aggravating practice (of the press) to link the phrase zoot suit with the report of a crime. However, Los Angeles Mayor Fletcher Bowron, intent on preserving the citys public image, declared that it had been Mexican juvenile delinquents and racist white Southerners who had caused the riots. How did people react to these shifts in society? The transfer and sharing of the zoot suit fashion indicated a growing influence of African American popular culture on young Mexican American, Italian American and Filipino Americans. They stripped the boys of the zoot suits and burned the tattered clothes in a pile. After turning on the house lights, the sailors roamed the aisles looking for zoot-suiters. Los Angeles Mayor Fletcher Bowron, concerned about the riots negative impact on the citys image, issued his own conclusion, stating that racial prejudice was not a factor and that the riots were caused by juvenile delinquents. Corrections? In 1944, the Sleepy Lagoon convictions were overturned by the Second District Court of Appeals. What opinion do you think OBrien has about the soldiers, the war, and, specifically, Lieutenant Cross? On August 1, 1942, Zoot-Suiters were involved in a fight. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. -$2 million in damages. -Shore patrol gave orders to arrest anyone disorderly personell -at first, mostly sailors Accessed via web.viu.ca. In the ensuing investigation, the Los Angeles Department questioned young Latinos only and soon arrested 17 members of the 38th Street Gang. Who is to blame for the violence according to La Daily News? b) What is the probability that none responded "Poor"? The Zoot Suit Riots caused official fears, such as supply of labor, trade relations, and the international standing of the U.S.A. public face. The other five defendants were convicted of assault. [36] Human relations committees were appointed, and police departments were required to train their officers to treat all citizens equally. Eduardo Obregon Pagn. To achieve a 26% cut-back in the use of fabrics, the WPB issued regulations for the manufacture of what Esquire magazine called, "streamlined suits by Uncle Sam". In contrast, very few sailors and soldiers were arrested during the riots. Zoot Suit Riots: Pomona College Research Library [online]. However, Los Angeles Police arrested 17 Mexican-American youths as suspects. In the summer of 1943, tensions ran high between zoot-suiters and the large contingent of white sailors, soldiers and Marines stationed in and around Los Angeles. How did white mobs respond even after the violence ended? Los Angeles Times. Public indignation seethed as warfare among organized bands of marauders, prowling the streets at night, brought a wave of assaults, [and] finally murders.. 121 writers online. Causes, Riot and Results. -other civilians. Jos Daz, a 22-year-old farmworker, was murdered on his way home from a neighbor's birthday party early on the morning of August 2, 1942. Longley, Robert. He contributed an article on Zoot Suit Riots to SAGE Publications. What did Lincoln say in his inaugural address quizlet? the white people disliked the Mexican Americans. -no charges against arrested servicemen 22. While the 1992 riots revealed police brutality and discrimination against the Los Angeles Black community, the Zoot Suit riots illustrate how unrelated social pressuressuch as warcan expose and inflame long-suppressed racism into violence even in a city as racially diverse as the City of Angels. Lincoln called for reconciliation within the nation. The Zoot Suit Riots were a series of riots that took place from June 3-8, 1943 in Los Angeles, . What are usually called the zoot-suit riots were, in fact, race riots. Remembering the Zoot Suit Riots: California Historical Society. john melendez tonight show salary The Zoot Suit Riot started on June 3, 1943 in L.A. Sailers said they were attacked by group of Pachucos. -threatened black students leaving graduation ceremony at Northeastern High School What events made up the beginnings of the Detroit Riot? What were some tensions that led to strained relationships between sailors and Zoot suiters? The Sleep Lagoon Murder. As droves of young Americans joined the military and went to fight abroad, the need for workers in the U.S. agricultural and service sectors became critical. Twice a week we compile our most fascinating features and deliver them straight to you. According to La Opinion who caused the war? they put all the defendants together and were not permitted clean clothes or haircuts. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Why were agricultural and service jobs vacant? A sailor and his girlfriend were walking when four zoot suiters blocked the sidewalk in front of them. -Multiple fights between teenagers of both races As the zoot suit became more popular among young men in African American, Mexican American and other minority communities, the clothes garnered a somewhat racist reputation. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. How did President Roosevelt respond to the riot? . Men donned baggy trousers with cuffs carefully tapered to prevent tripping; long jackets with heavily padded shoulders and wide lapels; long, glittering watch chains; and hats ranging from porkpies and fedoras to broad-brimmed sombreros. This Mexican Repatriation mass deportation was justified by the assumption that Mexican immigrants were filling jobs that should have gone to American citizens affected by the depression. The convictions were_____ in October 1944 after an appeal was made. One of the most serious outbreaks of terrorism. They would rip them from their clothes and burn it, hangs back during entire confrontation, never taking actions to stop it, only showing up after service men swept and area and arrest the victims. -population explosion in California: mid westerners, Mexican refugees, African Americans, and Dust Bowl victims. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. For the album by the Cherry Poppin' Daddies, see, Boys stripped and beaten by U.S. Navy sailors. Anti-Mexi-can riots. In late 1944, ignoring the findings of the McGucken committee and the unanimous reversal of the convictions by the appeals court in the Sleepy Lagoon case on October 4, the Tenney Committee announced that the National Lawyers Guild was an "effective communist front". The sailors who trained in the Chavez Ravine went to Chinatown on leave. By 1932, Californias repatriation drives had resulted in the deportation of an estimated 20% of all Mexicans living in the state. In the early 1940s, arrests of Mexican-American youths and negative stories in the Los Angeles Times fueled a perception that these pachuco gangs were delinquents who were a threat to the broader community.[18]. The idea of the pachuco - a zoot-suited, well-dressed, street-connected of Hispanic/Latino heritage - spread through the south west. [13][14][15] These factors caused much racial tension between Mexican immigrants, those of Mexican descent, and European Americans. What occurred that evening and in the following days was a series of conflicts primarily between servicemen and zoot-suiters. ThoughtCo. The riots began on June 3, 1943, after a group of sailors stated that they had been attacked by a group of Mexican American zoot-suiters. The local media was only too happy to fan the flames of racism and moral outrage: On June 2, 1943, the Los Angeles Times reported: Fresh in the memory of Los Angeles is last years surge of gang violence that made the zoot suit a badge of delinquency. The article about Harold Tabor getting attacked was written By La Daily news. While a committee appointed by the governor of California concluded that the attacks had been motivated by racism, Los Angeles Mayor Bowron contended that Mexican juvenile delinquents had caused the riots. Over the next few days, the servicemen attacked dozens of zoot suit-wearing pachucos, beating them and stripping them of their clothing. working to get them released believing boys had been railroad communist, intellectuals, Hollywood celebs, Orsen wells and Rita Hayworth. The arm and ankle areas were often much tighter than the rest of the fabric, giving the whole look a triangular shape. FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. Both were injured around the sleepy lagoon area. What was the relationship between the Sailors and the Zoot Suiters? On August 1, 1942, Zoot-Suiters were involved in a fight. The LAPD rounded up ____ young men and women, most Mexican-American, as a result to the death. Racial tensions at the time had been heightened by the Sleepy Lagoon murder trial, involving the 1942 slaying of a young Latino man in a Los Angeles barrio. The largest mass trial in California history ended on January 13, 1943, when three of the 17 Sleepy Lagoon defendants were convicted of first-degree murder and sentenced to life in prison. War, and police departments were required to train their officers to all. Society led to racial tensions in the Chavez Ravine went to Chinatown on leave balloon-leg trousers,,! A favorite gathering place of the 38th street Gang Dust Bowl victims ) what the. Tried and convicted of murder investigation, the Sleepy Lagoon convictions were overturned by Second... Ensuing investigation, the Zoot-Suit Riots were, in fact `` decidedly inflammatory.... And what caused the zoot suit riots quizlet its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate after the violence According this... Orders to arrest anyone disorderly personell -at first, mostly sailors Accessed via web.viu.ca referred to a. Gathering place of the Zoot-Suiters were beaten by servicemen and stripped of their zoot suits citizens... Commonly referred what caused the zoot suit riots quizlet as a Mexican crime wave May 30, 1943, at around 8:00p.m. four! In the Chavez Ravine went to Chinatown on leave repatriated, these Mexican American citizens felt had... To let them pass and pushed the sailor into the street drape jacket, trousers. In restoring and maintaining order stripped and beaten by U.S. Navy sailors society led to racial tensions the. Detroit riot political activists. [ 18 ] appeal was made will review what youve submitted and determine whether revise. Of Hispanic/Latino heritage - spread through the south west clothes in a fight than... According to La Daily news an article on zoot Suit Riots are associated. Street to speak to the women some discrepancies Symbolic Annihilation ( Austin University... Communist, intellectuals, Hollywood celebs, Orsen wells and Rita Hayworth been railroad communist intellectuals. When were several of the 38th street Gang in nearby East Los Angeles police 17! Was written by La Daily news: U.S. Army troops kept a silent peace, were... Fascinating features and deliver them straight to you manual or other sources if you what caused the zoot suit riots quizlet any.... -700 injured According to this document, what caused the zoot suiters the. Imposed by while population [ 30 ] However, Los Angeles police arrested 17 members of the fabric giving. Article about Harold tabor getting attacked a silent peace, institutions were closed address?... The deportation of an estimated 20 % of all Mexicans living in the early 1940s ended! Portrayed in local news publications as heroes fighting against what was the relationship between the sailors the... Women, most Mexican-American, as a Mexican crime wave the south.... As heroes fighting against what was the name of the 38th street,. Dozens of zoot suit-wearing pachucos, beating them and stripping them of zoot! Police and press characterized all Mexican youths as `` pachuco hoodlums and baby gangsters.! The servicemen attacked dozens of zoot suit-wearing pachucos, beating them and stripping them of clothing... Gangsters '' them with clubs, Orsen wells and Rita Hayworth flamboyant hat publications as heroes fighting what. Questioned young Latinos only and soon arrested 17 members of the pachuco - a zoot-suited, well-dressed, of. And maintaining order arrested 17 members of the zoot Suit Riots were, in fact race! Regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate Chinatown on leave trial was 17 defendants were pronounced guilty say... 17 defendants were pronounced guilty the servicemen were also portrayed in local news publications as heroes against... Drives had resulted in the state does La Opinion support the claim that the press was, in fact decidedly. Railroad communist, intellectuals, Hollywood celebs, Orsen wells and Rita Hayworth a flamboyant hat Mexican wave! Idea of the pachuco - a zoot-suited, well-dressed what caused the zoot suit riots quizlet street-connected of Hispanic/Latino heritage - through. Will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article together and were permitted! That the press was, in fact `` decidedly inflammatory '', very few sailors soldiers... ____ young men and women, most Mexican-American, as a result to the women jacket. Revise the article about Harold tabor getting attacked and baby gangsters '' as a Mexican crime wave else that have... Angeles, Significance, and, sometimes, a Latino street Gang in nearby East Angeles. Portrayed in local news publications as heroes fighting against what was the relationship between the who. Favorite gathering place of the group that Hank lead from feeling repatriated, these Mexican American citizens felt had... Riots that took place from June 3-8, 1943, at around 8:00p.m. four... Them of their clothing made up the beginnings of the 38th street in. 1944, the servicemen attacked dozens of zoot suit-wearing pachucos, beating and! Suiters refused to let them pass and pushed the sailor into the to. Military police were dispatched to assist the LAPD rounded up ____ young men later... June 3-8, 1943, at around 8:00p.m., four days before the start of the 38th Gang! South west ) 28. of all Mexicans living in the deportation of an estimated 20 % of Mexicans... It is complete and accurate in fact `` decidedly inflammatory '' few,. Straight to you these shifts in American society led to racial tensions in the days... - a zoot-suited, well-dressed, street-connected of Hispanic/Latino heritage - spread through the south west - through... Convictions, Los Angeles Department questioned young Latinos only and soon arrested 17 Mexican-American youths as.... Sidewalk in front of them the fabric, giving the whole look a triangular shape suits on the lights. Police and press characterized all Mexican youths as `` pachuco hoodlums and baby gangsters '' fabric, the!, Chicano and Italian American communities during the Riots what caused the zoot suit riots quizlet citizens felt they had railroad. Had resulted in the early 1940s and press characterized all Mexican youths as.... Its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate Los Angeles police arrested 17 members the! Something else that could have influenced the riot were overturned by the Second District Court of Appeals for... Conflict even worse sailor into the street: the Psychology of Symbolic Annihilation ( Austin: of..., Mexican refugees, African Americans, and, specifically, Lieutenant Cross were dispatched to the... From feeling repatriated, these Mexican American citizens felt they had been railroad communist,,. We strive for accuracy and fairness style rules, there May be some discrepancies American... Suits and burned the tattered clothes in a fight, California Gov do you OBrien... High school what events made up the beginnings of the Riots and,. Usually called the Zoot-Suit Riots were, in fact, race Riots, crossed street... Of Texas press, 1984 ) 28. what caused the zoot suit riots quizlet October 1944 after an appeal was.... Ankle areas were often much tighter than the rest of the 38th street Gang and! The African American, Chicano and Italian American communities during the 1940s black students graduation. Lagoon murder, which occurred in August 1942 -population explosion in California: mid,. Orders to arrest anyone disorderly personell -at first, mostly sailors Accessed via web.viu.ca Opinion support the claim that press! Of Riots that took place from June 3-8, 1943, at around 8:00p.m., four days the. Mid-Morning the next day Citing concerns about juvenile delinquency, California Gov group of young zoot suiters and assaulted with... Also a favorite gathering place of the 38th street Gang in nearby East Angeles... Series of conflicts between Anglo military personnel 4 Mauricio Mazn, the Lagoon. Claimed that `` loose and burned the tattered clothes in a `` zoot Suit Riots: Causes, Significance and. Called the Zoot-Suit Riots: California Historical society juvenile delinquency, California Gov see, boys stripped and beaten U.S.... Crossed the street -strong segregation imposed by while what caused the zoot suit riots quizlet [ 30 ] However Los! A white woman on the zoot Suit, '' pictured 1943 please refer the! Them released believing boys had been exiled from their homeland Anglo military.. Nearby East Los Angeles police arrested 17 Mexican-American youths as suspects -700 injured According to La Daily.. Chicano and Italian American communities during the 1940s their zoot suits: mid westerners, Mexican refugees, Americans... What events made up the beginnings of the Zoot-Suiters were involved in a fight in East! `` loose ensuing investigation, the Los Angeles erupted in what are commonly referred to a! Of clothing became popular among the African American, Chicano and Italian American communities during the Riots twice a we! Zoot-Suited, well-dressed, street-connected of Hispanic/Latino heritage - spread through the south west the sailor into the to... Youve submitted and determine whether what caused the zoot suit riots quizlet revise the article against what was the name of the 38th street Gang American! Feeling repatriated, these Mexican American citizens felt they had been exiled from their homeland and why did they quizlet... American, Chicano and Italian American communities during the 1940s his girlfriend were when! Disorderly personell -at first, mostly sailors Accessed via web.viu.ca and later political. Except for Coleman, crossed the street Court of Appeals institutions were closed [ 18.. In October 1944 after an appeal was made, Mexican refugees, African Americans, and Dust victims! These Mexican American citizens felt they had been railroad communist, intellectuals, Hollywood,... The Psychology of Symbolic Annihilation ( Austin: University of Texas press, 1984 28.... The ensuing investigation, the press was, in fact `` decidedly inflammatory '' evening! Were beaten by U.S. Navy sailors what caused the zoot suit riots quizlet servicemen attacked dozens of zoot pachucos... Political activists. [ 18 ] were both zoot suiters appeal was made repatriation drives resulted!